PHE NOTES BY YINKAWIZARD

 BURNS AND SCALDS Burns are caused by dry heat or chemicals, while scalds are caused by moist heat. Causes of Burns - Flames - Hot metals - Electricity - Lightning - Friction - Acids - Alkalis Causes of Scalds - Boiling water - Steam - Hot liquids Severity of Burns Depends on extent and location. Body percentages: Head (9%), Upper limb (18%), Trunk front (18%), Trunk back (18%), Lower limb (18%), Neck (1%) Effects of Burns - Shock - Infection - Scarring - More severe in children and elderly General Treatment - Remove from source - Treat shock - Cover with clean dry dressing - Do not remove stuck clothing - Do not apply ointments 7. Specific Treatments Burning clothing: Smother flames, cover burn Scalds: Remove wet clothes, dress wound Eye burns: Wash with water Chemical burns: Neutralize and wash Mouth/throat burns: Give milk, seek help

 Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains  Fractures A fracture is defined as a break in the continuity of a bone.  Causes of Fractures  1. Direct Violence: The bone breaks at the exact site where the force is applied (e.g., a car wheel passing over a leg).  2. Indirect Violence: The bone breaks at a distance from the site of impact (e.g., falling on an outstretched hand resulting in a broken clavicle).  3. Muscular Violence: A sudden, violent contraction of a muscle snaps the bone (e.g., a strong contraction of the quadriceps causing the patella to fracture).  Predisposing Factors   Age: Extremes of age (very young or very old) make bones more susceptible to breaking with minimal force.   Disease: Conditions like Osteomyelitis, Rickets, Tuberculosis, or Bone Cancer weaken the bone structure.  Classification and Varieties of Fractures 1. Simple (Closed) Fracture: The bone is broken, but there is no wound leading from the skin to the fracture...