PHE NOTES BY YINKAWIZARD

SENSE ORGANS (READ TILL THE END) Sense organs are specialized structures in the body that detect and respond to external and internal stimuli, allowing organisms to interact with their environment. They transmit sensory information to the brain, which interprets the signals, enabling perception. Each sense organ contains specialized receptors that convert stimuli into electrical signals sent to the brain via sensory nerves . Humans have five primary sense organs: 1. Eyes (Vision) 2. Ears (Hearing & Balance) 3. Nose (Smell) 4. Tongue (Taste) 5. Skin (Touch, Temperature, Pressure, Pain) 1. Eyes (Vision)   Structure & Function:  Cornea: Transparent outer layer that refracts light.  Iris: Colored part controlling pupil size to regulate light entry.  Lens: Focuses light onto the retina.  Retina: Contains photoreceptors (rods for dim light, cones for color vision).  Optic Nerve: Transmits visual signals to the brain.   Pro...

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM  The muscular system is an organ system responsible for movement, stability, posture, circulation, and heat production in the human body. It consists of muscles, which are specialized tissues capable of contracting and relaxing to generate force. Below is a comprehensive note on the muscular system   Functions of the Muscular System    - Movement: Muscles work with bones and joints to produce voluntary movements like walking, running, and lifting.    - Stability and Posture: Muscles maintain body posture and stabilize joints.    - Circulation: Cardiac muscles pump blood through the circulatory system.    - Respiration: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles facilitate breathing.    - Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, helping to maintain body temperature.    - Protection: Muscles protect internal organs and support their function (e.g., abdominal muscles protect digestive organs). ...

Posture refers to the alignment and positioning of the body in relation to the force of gravity. Good posture involves maintaining the body in a way that puts the least strain on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Proper posture is essential for overall health, as it helps prevent musculoskeletal issues, reduces the risk of injury, and promotes efficient movement. Key Components of Good Posture: 1. Head Alignment : The head should be balanced over the spine, not tilted forward, backward, or to the side. 2. Spinal Curves : The spine has natural curves (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) that should be maintained, not exaggerated or flattened. 3. Shoulders : Shoulders should be relaxed and aligned with the ears, not rounded forward or elevated. 4. Pelvis : The pelvis should be in a neutral position, not tilted too far forward (anterior tilt) or backward (posterior tilt). 5. Feet : Feet should be flat on the ground, with weight evenly distributed....

  TRAINING  Sports training is a special process of preparation of sports persons based on scientific principles aimed at improving and maintaining higher performance capacity in different sports activities.  It is a particular type of training designed to improve fitness and abilities to perform in a given sport. Effects of training Training allows the body to gradually build up strength and endurance It improves skill levels. Training builds motivation, ambition and confidence.  Training also allows athletes to gain more knowledge of their sport. It helps in enabling athletes to learn about the importance of having a healthy mind and body. Adequate training enhance performance. OVERTRAINING   Overtraining occurs when an athlete doesn't adequately recover after repetitive intense training. This is seen when the workload is not balanced with enough recovery period. Effects of overtraining   Decline in performance Unusual feeling of heaviness Excessive sweat...

 The chain of infection is a set of 6 intertwined links that allow for communicable diseases to spread. Each step of the chain is required to effectively transmit infectious illness. Infectious agent (pathogen) Reservoir (the normal location of the pathogen) Portal of exit from the reservoir Mode of transmission Portal of entry into a host Susceptible host Infectious Agents Infectious agents (pathogens) include not only bacteria but also viruses, fungi, and parasites. The virulence of these pathogens depends on their number, their potency, their ability to enter and survive in the body, and the susceptibility of the host. For example, the smallpox virus is particularly virulent, infecting almost all people exposed. In contrast, the tuberculosis bacillus infects only a small number of people, usually people with weakened immune function, or those who are undernourished and living in crowded conditions. Reservoir A reservoir is any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance...

 DISEASE ENDEMIC EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY CONTAGIOUS VECTOR FOMITE QUARANTINE INCUBATION PERIOD HOST INFECTION PATHOGENS SIGNS SYMPTOMS 

In basketball, tactics play an important role because they often decide whether a team wins or loses the game. Tactics in basketball is understood to be all arrangements a team makes to achieve their set objectives. Strategies are the ways the team adopt to interpret the tactics. Tactics and strategies in basketball involves two things which are ; ==> Defense and ==> Offense Defensive Plays in Basketball involves everything you do when the team is not in possession of the ball.  In basketball, the goal of the defense is to gain possession of the ball by stealing the ball or getting a defensive rebound . Their task is to prevent the opponent from scoring. Basketball players do this by blocking and stealing the ball. In basketball there are different defense strategies to choose from. The best known moves in defense are usually man-on-man defense and zone defense. Man-on-Man Defense In man-on-man defense or one-man defense - as the name suggests - each attacker is assigned an i...